The JFK 100

The fifth shot
("Back and to the left")

A grassy knoll gunman delivers the fatal shot

 

NOTE: The following article contains graphic images of John F. Kennedy's murder. These images are presented for educational purposes only. No disrespect to the late President is intended.

 

One of the most famous and oft-quoted moments of Oliver Stone's JFK occurs as New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison (Kevin Costner) screens the home movie by eyewitness Abraham Zapruder, and describes the shot that fatally struck President John F. Kennedy in the head.

 

JIM (VOICE OVER) The car brakes. The fifth and fatal shot -- frame 313 -- takes Kennedy in the head from the front . . .

CUT TO the picket fence shooter. We see JFK from his point of view. He fires, and then we see Kennedy in the Zapruder film flying backwards and to his left in a ferocious, conclusive spray of blood and brain tissue. We repeat the shot.

JIM (V. O.) This is the key shot. Watch it again. The President going back to his left. Shot from the front and right. Totally inconsistent with the shot from the Depository. Again -- (repeats) . . . back and two the left. (he repeats it like a mantra) . . . back and to the left . . . back and to the left.⁽¹⁾

 

One of the most shocking images ever recorded on film, this vision of the life of John F. Kennedy being forever snuffed out frequently drew audible gasps and murmurs from JFK's theatrical audiences.

Once the shock has passed, Oliver Stone's point is easily made: the President appears to be rocketed back in his seat, seemingly proof that the fatal shot came from in front -- on the grassy knoll, Stone claims.

Appearances can be deceiving, however; there are numerous problems with Stone's thesis. This article will examine the most important issues one by one.

 

The double movement

 

The simple fact is that John F. Kennedy's head did not snap "back and to the left." What the human eye cannot perceive with ease while viewing the Zapruder film is clearly revealed in a frame-by-frame comparison: that between Zapruder frames 312 and 313, the President's head is propelled forward several inches (2.3 inches, according to one study),⁽²⁾ before strongly snapping backwards, beginning at frame 313 (the first frame in which the results of the bullet strike become visible).

This animated image created by researcher Vincent Van demonstrates the forward movement of the President's head with startling clarity.

 

 

President Kennedy struck from behind at Zapruder frames 312-313

 

 

As researcher Robert Groden notes in his book, The Killing of a President, the forward movement of the President's head can also be seen in the corresponding frames of the film taken by an eyewitness on the other side of Elm Street, Orville Nix.⁽³⁾

 

 

A comparison between the Zapruder and Nix films

 

 

Something has caused the President's head to lurch violently forward between frames 312 and 313 of Abraham Zapruder's film, exposed about one-eighteenth of a second apart. A reasonable hypothesis, under the circumstances, would seem to be that the President was struck in the back of the head by a bullet from the rear.

If so, what do we make of the violent snap backwards that begins in frame 314, memorialized so vividly by Oliver Stone in JFK?

Professor Ken Rahn of the University of Rhode Island writes:

 

This complex motion can be viewed as containing three components. The first is Mrs. Kennedy's, in which she pulls, no doubt reflexively, away from her husband's exploding head by recoiling backward (while straightening up) and to her left. The second is of Mr. Kennedy's right arm and shoulder, which lift upward as his trunk rotates counterclockwise (leftward) about his hip, while his upper torso is moving backward and to his left. This motion continues until his left arm appears to hit the rear seat in about 319, after which he bounces forward. Third is his head, which moves back steadily from 313 to about 320 or 321 (one or two frames after his torso has begun to move forward), all the while rotating counterclockwise faster than his upper torso, until by about 321 we are given a nearly direct view of the rear of his head, which incidentally shows no evidence of the massive blowout so often claimed from the reports of the Parkland medical personnel. The visible damage is clearly to the right occipitoparietal area of the head, or very roughly in the upper part of the right rear half of the head (just where the autopsy physicians placed it). In no way is the damage centered in the rear of the head [as some conspiracy-oriented researchers claim].

The key point here is that this complex rearward movement is not compatible with a direct hit of a bullet from the right front. The head does not snap backward rapidly the way it snapped forward, even though it was perfectly free to do so. Rather the head starts moving backward slowly and gains momentum over several frames. There is no cloud of brain matter to the rear as there was to the front. There is no damage to the left hemisphere of his brain, as there would have to be with a hit from the right. There is no cone of tiny fragments going from right to left in the brain, and no exit wound on the left side. No, the rearward motion was of JFK's entire upper torso, with the head just moving along with the neck. It is a vicious recoil of sorts from the exploding right side of his head. Such a movement could have been caused by a mechanical recoil from the particles that exploded frontward out of his head (the so-called "jet effect"), by some sort of neurological reaction (sometimes called a "neuromuscular spasm"), or a combination of both. The available data strongly suggest that it was indeed a combination of effects, whose detailed contributions will probably never be known with certainty.

 

For the sake of argument, however, let's assume for a moment that the President's backward movement was the result of a shot from the front. Where would the angle of recoil have placed his assassin?

This question is addressed in the next section.

 

Next page

 

 

Click here to view frames of the killing
sequence of the Zapruder film.

 

NOTES:

1. Oliver Stone and Zachary Sklar, JFK: The Book of the Film (New York: Applause, 1992), p. 165. All quotations are from the shooting script and may vary slightly from the finished motion picture.

2. Richard B. Trask, Pictures of the Pain (Danvers, Mass.: Yeoman, 1994), p. 124.

3. Robert J. Groden, The Killing of a President (New York: Viking, 1993), p. 40.